:root {
  --ink: #12213a;
  --paper: #f6f4ee;
  --line: #d9d4c6;
  --accent: #b5651d;
  --muted: #5b6472;

  /* ---- BANNER CONTROLS — edit these ---- */
  --banner-height: 210px;
  --hero-dim: 0.25;   /* 0 = no darkening, 1 = fully black */
}

* { box-sizing: border-box; }

img {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

body {
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.wrap {
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 26px 24px 90px;
}

/* ---------- BANNER (index page) ---------- */

.hero {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  height: var(--banner-height);
  overflow: hidden;
}

.hero img {
  width: 100%;
  height: var(--banner-height);
  max-height: var(--banner-height);
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
}

.hero::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background: rgba(8, 16, 32, var(--hero-dim));
  z-index: 1;
}

/* nav sitting on top of the banner */
.hero nav {
  position: absolute;
  top: 18px;
  right: 26px;
  z-index: 3;
}

.hero nav a {
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.88);
  text-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}

.hero nav a.active {
  color: #ffffff;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff;
}

.hero nav a:hover { color: #ffffff; }

/* index page starts right under the banner */
.hero + .wrap { padding-top: 46px; }

/* ---------- NAV (top right, pages without a banner) ---------- */

.topnav {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 18px 26px 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

nav {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.11em;
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  display: flex;
  gap: 26px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

nav a {
  color: var(--muted);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: none;
  padding-bottom: 3px;
}

nav a.active {
  color: var(--ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent);
}

nav a:hover { color: var(--accent); }

/* ---------- LAYOUT ---------- */

.grid-2 {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 300px 1fr;
  gap: 44px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  align-items: start;
}

.side-col { align-self: start; }

.headshot {
  width: 100%;
  height: 380px;              /* crop height — lower this to crop more */
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center top;
  border-radius: 4px;
  display: block;
  background: var(--line);
}

section { margin-bottom: 36px; }

/* ---------- INTRO BLOCK ---------- */

.intro { margin-bottom: 0; }

.bigname {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  text-transform: none;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--ink);
  border-bottom: none;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  line-height: 1.15;
}

.bio-list {
  margin: 0 0 20px;
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none;
}

.bio-list li {
  border-bottom: none;
  padding: 0 0 7px 16px;
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
  position: relative;
}

.bio-list li::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  top: 0.62em;
  width: 6px;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--accent);
}

.side-contact {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 12px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin: 12px 0 0;
  font-size: 0.98rem;
}

.side-contact a { font-size: 0.98rem; }

.lead {
  padding-top: 16px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* ---------- FIGURE BAND ---------- */

.figure-band {
  margin: 18px auto 10px;
  max-width: 88%;      /* width of the Research Visuals figure */
}

.visuals-title {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  text-transform: none;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  border-bottom: none;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  margin: 0 0 14px;
  text-align: right;
}

.figure-band img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

/* ---------- TYPE ---------- */

h1 {
  font-size: 2.2rem;
  margin: 0 0 6px;
  font-weight: 400;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

h2 {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding-bottom: 10px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  font-weight: 600;
}

h3 {
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
}

p { margin: 0 0 18px; font-size: 1.05rem; }

.role {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}

a {
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent);
}

a:hover { color: var(--accent); }

/* ---------- LISTS ---------- */

ul { padding-left: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; }

li {
  padding: 14px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }

ol { padding-left: 1.4em; margin: 0; }

ol li {
  border-bottom: none;
  padding: 0 0 16px;
}

/* ---------- FIGURES ---------- */

figure { margin: 0 0 28px; }

figure img {
  width: 100%;
  border-radius: 2px;
  display: block;
}

figcaption {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-top: 8px;
}

/* ---------- SOCIAL ICONS ---------- */

.icon-row {
  display: flex;
  gap: 12px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
}

.icon-link {
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border-bottom: none;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  background: rgba(18, 33, 58, 0.06);
  transition: background 0.15s ease, transform 0.15s ease;
}

.icon-link svg {
  width: 15px;
  height: 15px;
  fill: var(--ink);
  display: block;
  transition: fill 0.15s ease;
}

.icon-link:hover {
  background: var(--accent);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
}

.icon-link:hover svg { fill: #ffffff; }

.icon-link:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* ---------- MISC ---------- */

.meta {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.links-row {
  display: flex;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.card {
  background: #efece2;
  padding: 22px 24px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  align-self: start;
}

.card h2 { border-bottom-color: #cfc9b8; }
.card > *:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }

header.page-head { margin-bottom: 40px; }

/* ---------- SOCIAL BAR (index) ---------- */

.social-bar {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 16px;
  margin-top: 46px;
  padding-top: 20px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.social-bar a {
  color: var(--muted);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.social-bar a:hover {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .social-bar { justify-content: flex-start; gap: 14px; font-size: 0.82rem; }
  .figure-band { max-width: 100%; }
}

/* ---------- FOOTER ---------- */

footer {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-top: 46px;
  padding-top: 22px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.footer-contact {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.footer-contact > a {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-family: Georgia, serif;
}

footer a { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }

/* ---------- MOBILE ---------- */

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .grid-2 { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 28px; }
  .headshot { max-width: 300px; height: 340px; }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  nav {
    gap: 14px;
    font-size: 0.66rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    justify-content: flex-start;
  }

  .topnav { justify-content: flex-end; padding: 12px 14px 0; }

  .hero     { height: 150px; }
  .hero img { height: 150px; max-height: 150px; }

  .hero nav {
    top: 12px;
    right: 14px;
    left: 14px;
    justify-content: center;
  }

  .hero + .wrap { padding-top: 30px; }

  .bigname { font-size: 1.85rem; }
  .figure-band { margin: 32px 0 10px; }
  .wrap { padding-top: 20px; }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * { animation: none !important; transition: none !important; }
}

/* ---------- PAGE TITLE ---------- */

.page-title {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-size: 2.6rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  margin: 0 0 36px;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

/* ---------- PUBLICATIONS ---------- */

.pub-list {
  list-style: none;
  /* NUMBERING: set this to (number of papers + 1).
     Numbers then run high-to-low, so the oldest paper at the
     bottom is number 1. Currently 14 papers -> 15. */
  counter-reset: pub 15;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.pub {
  counter-increment: pub -1;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 34px 1fr;
  column-gap: 18px;
  padding: 0 0 46px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

.pub::before {
  content: counter(pub) ".";
  font-family: Georgia, serif;
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.5;
  padding-top: 2px;
}

/* figure floats so the title, meta and abstract wrap around it */
.pub-body::after {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  clear: both;
}

.pub-fig {
  float: left;
  width: 33%;
  margin: 4px 24px 12px 0;
}

.pub-fig img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
  border-radius: 3px;
  background: #ebe7db;
}

.pub-title {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.12rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.pub-cite {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-size: 1.0rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.pub-cite sup {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  vertical-align: super;
  line-height: 0;
}
.pub-cite em { font-style: italic; }

.pub-cite a {
  color: var(--muted);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.pub-cite a:hover {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
}

.pub-abstract {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.62;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: justify;
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .pub {
    grid-template-columns: 26px 1fr;
    column-gap: 12px;
  }
  .pub-fig {
    float: none;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 300px;
    margin: 0 0 14px 0;
  }
  .pub-abstract { text-align: left; }
  .page-title { font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: 28px; }
}

/* ---------- RESEARCH PAGE ---------- */

.page-intro {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.68;
  max-width: none;
  margin: 0 0 46px;
  padding-bottom: 30px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  text-align: justify;
}

.area {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 30%;
  column-gap: 40px;
  align-items: start;
  padding-bottom: 50px;
}

.area-body  { order: 1; }
.area-media { order: 2; }

.area-media img,
.area-media video {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
  border-radius: 3px;
  background: #ebe7db;
}

.area-caption {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.45;
  margin-top: 8px;
  text-align: center;
}

.area-title {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.28rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
  color: var(--ink);
  text-transform: none;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  border-bottom: none;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  margin: 0 0 12px;
}

.area-body p {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.66;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: justify;
}

/* video thumbnail (links out to YouTube) */

.video-thumb {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  border-radius: 3px;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-bottom: none;
  background: #1b2942;
}

.video-thumb img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
}

.video-thumb .play {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  width: 46px;
  height: 46px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: rgba(18, 33, 58, 0.82);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  transition: background 0.15s ease;
}

.video-thumb .play::after {
  content: "";
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 8px 0 8px 13px;
  border-color: transparent transparent transparent #f6f4ee;
  margin-left: 3px;
}

.video-thumb:hover .play { background: var(--accent); }

/* Highlighted Projects */

.related { margin-top: 18px; }

.related-title {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin: 0 0 8px;
}

.related-list {
  list-style: disc;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0 0 0 20px;
}

.related-list li {
  border-bottom: none;
  padding: 0 0 8px 2px;
  font-size: 0.94rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: var(--ink);
  display: list-item;
}

.related-list li::marker { color: var(--muted); }

.related-list strong { font-weight: 700; }
.related-list em { font-style: italic; }

.related-list li:last-child { padding-bottom: 0; }

.related-list a {
  color: var(--muted);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.related-list a:hover {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .area {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    row-gap: 18px;
    padding-bottom: 40px;
  }
  .area-body  { order: 2; }
  .area-media { order: 1; max-width: 320px; }
  .area-body p, .page-intro { text-align: left; }
  .page-intro { margin-bottom: 34px; padding-bottom: 22px; }
}

/* equal-contribution footnote */
.equal-note {
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  text-align: right;
  margin: 0 0 6px;
}

.equal-note sup {
  font-size: 0.75em;
  vertical-align: super;
  line-height: 0;
}

/* ---------- TEACHING PAGE ---------- */

.teach-role {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 22px;
}

.course-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.course {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding: 26px 0;
}

.course:first-child { padding-top: 0; }
.course:last-child  { border-bottom: none; }

.course-head {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 12px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.course-code {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.09em;
  color: #fff;
  background: var(--ink);
  padding: 4px 9px;
  border-radius: 3px;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.course-name {
  font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.24rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.course-terms {
  display: flex;
  gap: 7px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.term {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  color: var(--muted);
  background: #ebe7db;
  border-radius: 20px;
  padding: 3px 11px;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.course-desc {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.62;
  max-width: none;
  margin: 0 0 12px;
}

.syllabus {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.84rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  color: var(--muted);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.syllabus:hover {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .course-name { font-size: 1.08rem; }
  .course { padding: 20px 0; }
}